PT-141

Areas of active research — not promised effects

Each tag links to other compounds with research into that goal. Research use only: these are areas of study, not human-use claims.

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Bremelanotide is a Schedule-uncontrolled FDA-approved drug requiring a prescription. It may lawfully be dispensed by licensed pharmacies to patients with a valid prescription. Compounded copies using bulk bremelanotide as a 503A bulk drug substance are not permitted because an approved drug product exists; the bulk substance is not on an affirmative FDA compounding list.

Transparent blend · bci-1.0 · never paid-placement

Primary name

PT-141

Origin

Synthetic cyclic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), derived structurally from Melanotan II with modifications to reduce melanogenic activity and improve selectivity for MC3R/MC4R. Developed by Palatin Technologies; FDA-approved June 2019 as Vyleesi.

Registry IDs

PubChem CID

9941379

CAS

189691-06-3

InChIKey

FFHBJDQSGDNCIV-MFVUMRCOSA-N

ChEMBL

CHEMBL2070241

Molecular formula

C50H68N14O10

Molar mass

1025.2 g/mol

Monoisotopic

1024.52428442 Da

InChIKey

FFHBJDQSGDNCIV-MFVUMRCOSA-N

Appearance

White to off-white lyophilized powder (bulk API); clear colorless solution when reconstituted

Solubility

Soluble in water; the approved product is formulated in sterile aqueous solution…

Sequence not available in current seed.

Stability: Cyclic peptide structure confers moderate stability relative to linear peptides; susceptible to hydrolysis at elevated pH or temperature. The approved Vyleesi a

Vial sizes

10 mg · 2 mg

Purity grades

research grade (≥98% HPLC)

Salt forms

Free base (primary)

• GHS hazard class on file
• PPE & spill response
• Disposal guidance
• Not-for-human-consumption posture

How much research exists, and of what maturity — never a verdict on whether it works.

Mechanism of action

• Bremelanotide binds with high affinity to melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptors (MC3R/MC4R) expressed in hypothalamic nuclei and limbic regions, activating adenylyl cyclase and elevating intracellular cAMP
• MC4R activation in the hypothalamus promotes dopaminergic neurotransmission within circuits governing sexual motivation, producing enhanced desire and arousal through a central nervous system mechanism distinct from the peripheral vascular pathway of PDE5 inhibitors
• Because the drug works centrally rather than on genital vasculature, its efficacy is not contingent on direct physical stimulation

Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

Half-life

~2.7 h (range 1.9–4.0 h); terminal elimination

Clearance

Mean CL/F 6.5 ± 1.0 L/hr; ~65% urine, ~23% feces

PK–PD note: Tmax ~1.0 h post subcutaneous injection; absolute bioavailability ~100%; protein binding ~21%; Vd ~25 L. Metabolized primarily by hydrolysis of amide bonds by cellular peptidases. Transient blood-pres…

Reading the evidence

• Evidence quality and gaps vary by application — see the cited grades above.
• Indexed-article counts span all evidence tiers, not only completed human trials.
• No first-party human-dosing, efficacy, or benefit claims are made here.

Key reviews & evidence-gap sources

• Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, et al. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. PMID 31599840. — Pivotal RECONNECT phase 3 trials (BMT-301/302); open-access.
• Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. PMID 12851303. — Anchoring mechanistic + early human pharmacology review; MC3R/MC4R agonism, rat/primate erectogenesis, c-Fos in PVN.
• Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (review). Sex Med Rev-style overview, MDPI. — Narrative review summarizing controlled clinical trial evidence for HSDD.
• Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of intranasal PT-141 in healthy males and ED patients. PubMed 14963471. — Early human phase 1/2 intranasal PT-141 erectile-dysfunction pharmacodynamic study.
• Diamond LE, et al. Effect on subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with FSAD by bremelanotide (PT-141). J Sex Med. 2006;3(4):628-638. PMID 16839319. — Early crossover human trial of intranasal bremelanotide in female sexual arousal disorder.

3 registered trials — 0 currently recruiting.

Phase 3
NCT02333071
1. Study to Evaluate the Efficacy/Safety of Bremelanotide in Premenopausal Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

COMPLETED

Phase 2
NCT01382719
Bremelanotide in Premenopausal Women With Female Sexual Arousal Disorder and/or Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

COMPLETED

Phase 3
NCT02338960
2. Study to Evaluate the Efficacy/Safety of Bremelanotide in Premenopausal Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

COMPLETED

Summary (literature)

Per FDA labeling (Vyleesi prescribing information, 2019) and the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials (NCT02333071, NCT02338960), the most common adverse reactions are nausea (~40% vs ~1% placebo), flushing (~20%), injection-site reactions (~13%), and headache (~11%). Nausea typically begins…

WADA status

Not explicitly named on the WADA 2026 Prohibited List. Melanocortin receptor agonists as a class are not specifically enumerated under S2 (Peptide Hormones, Gro…

Dominant research route: Subcutaneous

FDA-approved route (Vyleesi); studied in Phase 3 RECONNECT trials in premenopausal women with HSDD and in a randomized ambulatory-BP trial (0.75/1.25/1.75 mg, n=397)

Bioavailability: Absolute bioavailability following subcutaneous administration of Vyleesi was about 100%; median Tmax approximately 1.0 hour (range 0.5–1.0 h); injection site (abdomen vs thigh) had no significant effect on exposure

Subcutaneous formulation was developed after intranasal route was abandoned, to provide a tighter dose–exposure relationship and improved safety profile; transient BP increase and HR decrease observed post-dose

Investigational intranasal PT-141 studied in early clinical programs (e.g., 7.5 mg intranasal PT-141 co-administered with sildenafil in men with ED, randomized crossover, n=19); higher intranasal doses (≈7.5–20 mg) explored in earlier Phase 2 work

Bioavailability: Intranasal route was associated with a wide variability in bioavailability, potentially exposing some patients to levels above those needed for efficacy and others to inadequate exposure

Intranasal development was abandoned due to variable bioavailability and dose-dependent blood pressure elevation; no commercially available intranasal bremelanotide product exists

Used as the reference route for absolute bioavailability determination in pharmacokinetic characterization (per FDA label reporting ~100% SC bioavailability)

Bioavailability: IV reference dosing underlies the absolute bioavailability calculation reported in the Vyleesi label; no standalone IV therapeutic use studied

IV cited only as the pharmacokinetic reference comparator; not a studied therapeutic route

No oral formulation of bremelanotide has been studied or approved; Vyleesi is for subcutaneous use only

Bioavailability: Bremelanotide is a cyclic heptapeptide expected to be susceptible to gastrointestinal proteolysis; no oral bioavailability data reported. The FDA label notes Vyleesi may slow gastric emptying and impact absorption of concomitantly administered oral medications, and may significantly decrease systemic exposure of oral naltrexone — an effect on co-administered oral drugs, not oral absorption of bremelanotide itself

Oral route not studied; oral-stability note is distinct from oral-absorption — no human oral PK data exist

Animal & human figures are kept visibly separate so studied animal doses are never misread as human guidance.

Sorted A–Z by vendor — never by price

Weekly median $/mg from the live vendor crawl.

Researched storefront prices, bucketed

p25 $3.70 · median $4.30 · p75 $4.50 · 7 researched vendors

Legit, COA-backed band: $2.40–$5.00/mg.

Value rule: don't just buy the cheapest — a price under $3/mg is a red flag. Pair price with COA and independent-test grade.

Estimated cost of research (10 mg)

Vial (best researched price)

$24

Bacteriostatic water (generic estimate)

$6

Syringes / supplies (generic estimate)

$12

What each test proves — general guidance, plus this compound's researched purity data

Purity on the current market (researched)

Vendor-claimed and independently tested PT-141 purity ranges from ~95% (Biosynth catalogue minimum) to ≥98% (Cayman Chemical) to 99%+ (multiple US research-peptide vendors); a Janoshik HPLC test of a 10 mg PT-141 vial reported 99.893% purity with mass-spec identity confirmation.

Independent labs cited for this compound

No FDA recall or market withdrawal specific to PT-141/bremelanotide was found in FDA enforcement records; the only recall noted in the Tailor Made Compounding warning letter concerned tesamorelin products (incorrect BUD), not PT-141.

Buyer red-flag checklist

• Compounded and 'research use only' PT-141 preparations are not FDA-approved finished drug products; only Vyleesi (bremelanotide 1.75 mg autoinjector) is FDA-approved, and only for premenopausal women with HSDD.
• PT-141 is not FDA-approved for men or for intranasal administration; compounded intranasal sprays sold through men's clinics are unapproved formulations with pharmacy-variable dosing.
• Bulk bremelanotide is not on the FDA 503A bulks list, not a component of an approved drug for compounding purposes, and has no USP/NF monograph — compounding pharmacies using it were cited by FDA (Tailor Made Compounding, 2020).
• Risk of identity confusion with Melanotan II (a related, unapproved and more hazardous melanocortin peptide); independent identity verification by mass spectromism is not universal among online vendors.
• Online 'research use only' PT-141 is frequently marketed with human-use benefit language despite RUO disclaimers, a pattern FDA has flagged in peptide warning letters (e.g., Gram Peptides, 2026) as evidence of intended human drug use.
• Health Canada has seized unauthorized injectable peptide products from multiple vendors (CPSA advisory), illustrating enforcement risk for unapproved peptide imports.

GMP vs research-grade: the chemistry (SPPS + HPLC + MS) is identical — the difference is the quality system.

Underdosing / mislabeling: No independent lab aggregate (Janoshik/MZ Biolabs/Finnrick) prevalence figure for PT-141 underdosing was located. One publicly cited Janoshik test of a 10 mg PT-141 vial measured 10.21 mg (slightly over label) at 99.893% HPLC purity, but this single data point is not a prevalence estimate.

• FDA Import Alert 66-41, 'Detention Without Physical Examination of Unapproved New Drugs Promoted In The U.S.', applies to drug products without an approved NDA/ANDA marketed/promoted in the U.S. Research-peptide 'PT-141' sold for human-use indications falls in this unapproved-new-drug category (the approved bremelanotide product is Vyleesi only). The alert is not PT-141-specific; PT-141 is not individually named on the alert's firm/product list per retrieved sources.IA-66-41
• An RUO label is not an import exemption — CBP judges actual intended use.
• Lyophilized powder is ambient-stable in transit; temperature control needed for > 7-day transit.
• US-warehouse vendors dodge import scrutiny — they cost more but ship more reliably.

Every item dated & sourced

Bremelanotide (PT-141) is not explicitly named on the WADA 2026 Prohibited List under any class; as an FDA-approved drug it does not fall under S0 unapproved-substance provisions. Athletes should verify current regulations with their sport's governing body.

No granted patents identified in current seed. Composition-of-matter coverage is limited given the peptide's synthetic origin.

• IACUC / IRB research context
• RUO buyer responsibilities & documentation
• Veterinary / alternative-use where lawful
• Jurisdiction-aware "who may lawfully obtain"

What people discuss

Reported concerns — discussion, not established effects

Reading caveats

• self-selection toward strong-result posters
• recreational-use framing dominates clinical-use framing
• sourcing legality ambiguity in grey-market peptide channels
• small de-identified sample, not representative

Manually researched from reddit, youtube— theme weights are research estimates, not live counts; aggregated & de-identified. No individual posts, quotes, or usernames are ever shown.

Relative research / market volume — populated once the activity stream is wired

Inline tooltips for lyophilized, RUO, EU/mg, SPPS, 503A and more.

Toggle plain-language ↔ scientific in the header.

• How to read a COA
• Free base vs acetate
• Understanding evidence grades

FDA-approved cyclic peptide MC3R/MC4R agonist (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women; acts centrally via hypothalamic dopaminergic pathways. Approximately 21 articles are indexed (literature last scanned 2026-05-29). US regulatory status: FDA-approved prescription drug (Vyleesi, NDA 210557). Research use only.

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