Mitochondrial Blend

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Regulatory detail for this region is not available in the current seed.

Confirmed high-severity market-integrity event (enforcement / recall / counterfeit)

Transparent blend · bci-1.0 · never paid-placement

Primary name

Mitochondrial Blend

Sequence not available in current seed.

• GHS hazard class on file
• PPE & spill response
• Disposal guidance
• Not-for-human-consumption posture

Small-molecule NNMT inhibitor that elevates cellular NAD+ and SAM in adipose tissue, reversing diet-induced obesity in rodent preclinical models without reducing food intake.

5-Amino-1MQ competitively occupies the nicotinamide-binding pocket of NNMT, blocking methyl group transfer from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to nicotinamide. This inhibition conserves intracellular SAM and diverts nicotinamide toward NAD+ biosynthesis, raising NAD+ concentrations in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Elevated NAD+ activates SIRT1 and related sirtuins, which shift cellular metabolism toward increased fatty acid oxidation and reduced lipogenesis. In diet-induced obese rodents, the net effect is reduced adipocyte size, lower white adipose mass, improved glucose tolerance, and enhanced insulin sensitivity, all without suppression of food intake (PMID 29155147; PMID 39161060).

Mitochondria-encoded 16-mer peptide activating AMPK via the folate-AICAR axis; studied for metabolic regulation, insulin sensitivity, and exercise adaptation.

MOTS-c primarily operates through the folate-AICAR-AMPK signaling axis: the peptide inhibits the folate cycle, leading to accumulation of the purine synthesis intermediate AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide), which in turn activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK activation triggers downstream effects including enhanced glucose uptake, increased fatty acid oxidation, suppression of gluconeogenesis, and promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis. Under cellular stress, MOTS-c also translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it binds and upregulates antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven stress-adaptation genes, functioning as a retrograde mitochondrial stress signal. In preclinical models of type 2 diabetes, exogenous MOTS-c administration has been shown to restore mitochondrial respiration and improve insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.

Molar mass

2174.6 g/mol

Endogenous coenzyme central to cellular energy metabolism, redox signaling, and longevity-related enzyme activity; levels decline with age.

NAD+ functions as an essential redox cofactor, cycling between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms to drive mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Beyond its redox role, NAD+ is the obligate substrate for three major enzyme classes: sirtuins (SIRT1–7), which use NAD+ for NAD+-dependent protein deacylation to regulate gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and stress responses; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which consume NAD+ during DNA damage repair; and the ectoenzyme CD38/CD157, which hydrolyzes NAD+ to modulate calcium signaling. Intracellular NAD+ levels decline progressively with age, partly due to chronic PARP and CD38 activation outpacing biosynthesis via NAMPT (the rate-limiting salvage enzyme), leading to reduced sirtuin activity and impaired mitochondrial function. Research has focused on whether restoring NAD+ levels through precursor supplementation or direct administration can reverse aspects of this age-associated decline.

Molar mass

663.4 g/mol

How much research exists, and of what maturity — never a verdict on whether it works.

Reading the evidence

• Evidence quality and gaps vary by application — see the cited grades above.
• Indexed-article counts span all evidence tiers, not only completed human trials.
• No first-party human-dosing, efficacy, or benefit claims are made here.

Key reviews & evidence-gap sources

• Neelakantan H, et al. Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018. PMID 29155147. — Component-level, not blend-level — the founding 5-Amino-1MQ (NNMT-inhibitor) discovery paper. Diet-induced-obese mice only; no human data.
• Wan W, et al. Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress, metabolism and aging. J Transl Med. 2023. PMID 36670507; PMC9854231. — Component-level, not blend-level — MOTS-c mechanism review; findings dominated by animal/cell-culture models, human evidence limited to observational correlations.
• NCT07505745 ("MOTS-MET") — Phase 2a, randomized, double-blind (registered quadruple-masked), placebo-controlled study of subcutaneous MOTS-c in adults with prediabetes and overweight/obesity. Sponsor: Hudson Biotech. Status: Recruiting. — Component-level, not blend-level — the first interventional human trial of NATIVE MOTS-c itself. ONGOING/RECRUITING, not completed, no results posted; does NOT count toward completedHumanRcts. [Verification: single-site in China (Peking University Shenzhen Hospital), isFdaRegulatedDrug=false; est. primary completion 2027-02-14; status verified 2026-03 (≈4 months stale) — never describe as an FDA/US or completed efficacy trial.]
• Reyna K, et al. Intravenous infusion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) versus nicotinamide riboside (NR): a retrospective tolerability pilot study in a real-world setting. Front Aging. 2026;7:1652582. PMID 41704678; DOI 10.3389/fragi.2026.1652582; PMC12907335. — Component-level, not blend-level — retrospective, non-randomized, no-placebo tolerability pilot of INTRAVENOUS NAD+ (n=6) vs NR (n=8) at a commercial wellness clinic; a safety/tolerability pilot, NOT an efficacy RCT. [Verification: all 6 IV-NAD+ recipients reported moderate-to-severe infusion-related symptoms (cramping, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, chest pressure) that resolved on completion — route-specific to IV infusion and rate-dependent; must NOT be transposed onto the blend's subcutaneous route or its 5-Amino-1MQ/MOTS-c components.]
• Randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical study evaluating acute Niagen+ IV and NAD+ IV in healthy adults. medRxiv preprint, posted 2024-06-10. — Component-level, not blend-level — UNREVIEWED PREPRINT (not peer-reviewed), so not a completed/published RCT. Single-dose safety/PK pilot. Reported for transparency only; does not count toward completedHumanRcts.
• PubMed/E-utilities screen for the named blend — 0 results. — Blend-level literature screen confirming ZERO first-party peer-reviewed literature exists for the 5-Amino-1MQ / MOTS-c / NAD+ combination as a named or co-administered product.

No registered human trials found for this compound.

Status

No registered trials found

Dominant research route: Subcutaneous (SC). Every vendor surveyed sells the blend as a single lyophilized vial (NAD+ 100 mg / MOTS-c 10 mg / 5-Amino-1MQ 10 mg) for reconstitution and injection — never oral, patch, or nasal. No formal pharmacokinetic study of the three-component blend as a combined unit exists in any species or by any route; every figure below is COMPONENT-level. A PubMed search for the blend as a named product returns zero indexed results.

No formal PK study of the three-component blend as a combined unit exists in any species. As sold, the blend is uniformly a single lyophilized vial (NAD+ 100 mg / MOTS-c 10 mg / 5-Amino-1MQ 10 mg) intended for reconstitution and SC injection. Component-level: native MOTS-c is in a recruiting Phase 2a SC trial (NCT07505745); its engineered analog CB4211 completed a Phase 1a/1b SC trial (NCT03998514, CohBar) — CB4211 is NOT native MOTS-c and is not sold in this blend. 5-Amino-1MQ has been SC-dosed in mice (25 mg/kg). Intact NAD+ has no dedicated SC PK study in any species.

Bioavailability: Component-level only. 5-Amino-1MQ: SC dosing (25 mg/kg) in mice reached Cmax ~7,010 ng/mL at Tmax ~15 min, terminal half-life ~12.8–13.3 h (Babula et al. 2024, PMID 39161060). Native MOTS-c: no completed human SC PK published — the only completed human SC data belong to the CB4211 ANALOG, not the native peptide. Intact NAD+: no published SC bioavailability data in any species.

Component-level, not blend-level. The dominant 'as sold' route mirrors how each ingredient is individually dosed in animal studies or, for MOTS-c only, in a human trial of a DIFFERENT (analog) molecule. [Verification: CB4211 = an improved synthetic ANALOG of MOTS-c per CohBar's own release; NCT03998514 overallStatus COMPLETED (2021-04-19) but no results posted on CT.gov (topline via press release) — never present as human validation of native MOTS-c or the blend.] No human dosing protocol is implied.

No oral study of the blend as a unit exists, and none of the surveyed vendors sell an oral version. Component-level animal data only: 5-Amino-1MQ oral bioavailability measured in two studies with materially different results — 38.4% in Sprague-Dawley rats (Awosemo et al. 2021, PMID 34304009) vs 3.5% in C57BL/6 mice (Babula et al. 2024, PMID 39161060). Intact NAD+ and MOTS-c have no published oral PK.

Bioavailability: 5-Amino-1MQ (rat, PMID 34304009): oral Cmax 2,252 ng/mL, AUC0-∞ 14,431 h·ng/mL, oral t½ 6.90±1.20 h vs IV 3.80±1.10 h, oral F 38.4%. 5-Amino-1MQ (mouse, 30 mg/kg PO, PMID 39161060): Cmax 14.5 ng/mL (Tmax 4 h), AUC0-∞ 224 h·ng/mL, oral F only 3.5%, oral t½ 14.8 h — [Verification: a GENUINE species-dependent discrepancy (~10× lower in mouse), NOT a human finding either way; vendor/SEO copy quoting the rat 38.4% without the species caveat is misleading]. MOTS-c: no published oral figure. Intact NAD+: hydrolyzed by intestinal nucleotidases/phosphatases before absorption; oral human evidence belongs to precursors NMN/NR, not the intact coenzyme.

Component-level, not blend-level. None of the three actives has a human oral study, and the blend is not marketed in oral form. No oral human protocol is implied.

No dedicated IM study exists for any of the three named actives. The only registered human trial touching this route is a Phase 1 safety pilot of injectable nicotinamide riboside — an NAD+ PRECURSOR, not intact NAD+ and not this blend — with SC and IM arms, still recruiting (NCT07251608). MOTS-c and 5-Amino-1MQ have no published IM data.

Bioavailability: No published IM PK data exist for MOTS-c, 5-Amino-1MQ, or intact NAD+. IM NAD+ is offered by IV-therapy/wellness clinics as an alternative to IV/SC dosing; clinic material describes it as faster-onset than SC, but this is commercial framing, not a peer-reviewed PK finding.

Component-level (NAD+ only) and largely clinic-marketing framing; not a studied route for this blend, MOTS-c, or 5-Amino-1MQ. No human dosing protocol is implied.

No IV study of the blend exists. Component-level: intact NAD+ has one completed human pilot — a 6-hour, ~750 mg IV infusion in 11 healthy men (8 test / 3 saline control) measuring the plasma/urine NAD+ metabolome (Grant et al. 2019, PMID 31572171) — plus a small retrospective real-world tolerability comparison of IV NAD+ vs IV nicotinamide riboside. 5-Amino-1MQ has only animal IV PK (rat and mouse). MOTS-c has no published IV data.

Bioavailability: NAD+ component: 100% bioavailable by definition via IV, but plasma NAD+ showed NO measurable rise for roughly the first ~2 h of continuous infusion; by 6 h it was up ~398% (~400%) above baseline (Grant et al. 2019, PMID 31572171). [Verification: only 8 of the 11 men received NAD+ (3 were saline controls); the ~398% rise is the TREATED-group figure — do not read as '11 men infused'.] The retrospective comparison found IV NAD+ (500 mg in 500 mL saline) markedly less well tolerated than IV NR, with cramping/nausea/vomiting in all 6 recipients (resolving on completion). 5-Amino-1MQ: rat IV t½ 3.80±1.10 h (PMID 34304009); mouse IV (5 mg/kg) Cmax 2,009 ng/mL, AUC0-∞ 825 h·ng/mL, t½ 6.3 h (PMID 39161060). MOTS-c: no published IV PK.

Component-level, not blend-level — the completed human IV pilot is for intact NAD+ ALONE (not the combination), used a small sample (n=8 treated), and measured metabolome changes rather than any efficacy endpoint. No human dosing protocol is implied.

Not a human route; a standard rodent-research route. MOTS-c is the component most studied via IP in mice — the foundational Lee et al. 2015 study (PMID 25738459) used IP dosing over 7–8 weeks to establish MOTS-c's effects on insulin resistance and diet-induced obesity; a later study (Kim et al. 2019) used 2.5 mg/kg IP twice daily for 3 days. Intact NAD+ itself is not typically IP-dosed; IP dosing of the NAD+ PRECURSOR NMN (not intact NAD+) is common in rodent aging studies. No IP data were found for 5-Amino-1MQ (its rodent PK used IV, oral, and SC only).

Bioavailability: Used as a laboratory dosing route in mouse efficacy/mechanistic studies rather than a dedicated PK characterization; bioavailability was not a reported endpoint. Not applicable to human use.

Component-level (MOTS-c primarily, the NAD+ precursor NMN secondarily), not blend-level. A laboratory-animal route cited only to describe how preclinical component research was conducted. No human dosing is implied.

Animal & human figures are kept visibly separate so studied animal doses are never misread as human guidance.

Sorted A–Z by vendor — never by price

Researched storefront prices, bucketed

p25 $0.830 · median $0.980 · p75 $1.21 · 9 researched vendors

Legit, COA-backed band: $0.375–$1.24/mg.

Value rule: don't just buy the cheapest — a price under $3/mg is a red flag. Pair price with COA and independent-test grade.

Estimated cost of research (10 mg)

Vial (best researched price)

$4

Bacteriostatic water (generic estimate)

$6

Syringes / supplies (generic estimate)

$12

What each test proves — general guidance, plus this compound's researched purity data

Purity on the current market (researched)

Vendor COAs for the individual components (component-level, not blend-level — no independent lab publicly tests the pre-mixed three-ingredient blend as a unit) cluster ≥99% HPLC: MOTS-c — NGPeptide's Freedom-Diagnostics-tested batches range 99.04–99.86% HPLC across May–Jun 2026 lots (e.g. lot MS40-08, tested 2026-06-28, 99.86%); 5-Amino-1MQ — Chameleon Peptides' Janoshik-tested batch 5A1MQ-B001 at ≥99% HPLC. For the pre-mixed blend itself, MS Peptides' 120 mg vial cites "99%+ purity" with lab certificates labeled "JANO" (Jan 2025) and "FDM" (Feb 2026) referenced in product images, without a per-component purity breakdown. No independent cross-vendor purity aggregate (Finnrick-style) exists for the named blend or either small-peptide component.

Independent labs cited for this compound

No FDA recall targets the '5-Amino-1MQ / MOTS-c / NAD+' blend, or research-chemical-market 5-Amino-1MQ or MOTS-c products, by name — none found. The one directly relevant action is GenoGenix LLC's Class I recall of compounded NAD+ Injection (elevated endotoxin, 3 ER visits, Oct 2025) — a licensed 503B compounding-pharmacy product sharing the blend's NAD+ ingredient, not the lyophilized RUO vial sold by peptide-blend vendors. Component-level, not blend-level.

Buyer red-flag checklist

• No FDA-approved drug application exists for any of the three blend components (5-Amino-1MQ, MOTS-c, NAD+) or for the blend as a combined product.
• 5-Amino-1MQ has not entered the FDA regulatory pathway at all — no IND, no registered ClinicalTrials.gov study, no 503A bulks-list status — unlike MOTS-c, which at least has a pending Jul 2026 PCAC review track.
• MOTS-c was an FDA Category 2 'substance with safety concerns' (Sept 2023) citing impurity/API-characterization and immunogenicity risk; its nomination has since been withdrawn (absent from current Category 2) and 503A compounding eligibility remains pending the Jul 2026 PCAC review — neither state confers approval.
• A licensed 503B compounding pharmacy's NAD+ injection (GenoGenix) triggered an FDA Class I recall (elevated endotoxin, 3 ER visits) and a Jan 2026 warning letter naming both NAD+ and 5-Amino-1MQ — evidence the same active substances carry real sterility/potency risk under lapsed quality control, even though the unregulated RUO research-chemical channel is a separate supply chain from that recalled product.
• 5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule comparatively easy to substitute with structurally similar quinolines; HPLC purity alone cannot rule out substitution — look for LC-MS identity confirmation, not an HPLC-purity-only COA.
• No dedicated independent-lab purity/underdosing aggregate (Finnrick- or MZ-Biolabs-style) exists for this blend or any component — buyers rely entirely on individual vendor-supplied COAs, none of which test the pre-mixed vial as a combined unit.
• General research-peptide-market red flags apply: price far below the vendor median, no third-party COA, a COA report/task ID that doesn't resolve in the lab's public database, or a lot number mismatched to the COA are documented patterns of underdosed/substituted product.

GMP vs research-grade: the chemistry (SPPS + HPLC + MS) is identical — the difference is the quality system.

Underdosing / mislabeling: No independent-lab aggregate (Finnrick, Janoshik cross-vendor index, or an MZ-Biolabs-style investigation) quantifying underdosing/mislabeling prevalence for the blend, or for MOTS-c or 5-Amino-1MQ individually, was found. The one comparable independent multi-vendor investigation (MZ Biolabs via thepeptidelist.com, 2026) tested BPC-157, semaglutide, CJC-1295 no-DAC and GHK-Cu only — none of this blend's three components — so its failure rate cannot be extended here. A widely-repeated 'Janoshik 2024: 43% of peptides failed purity' figure circulates in secondary sources but could not be confirmed against a primary lab publication and is treated as UNVERIFIED (consistent with the same finding on the BPC-157/KLOW overlays). Community guidance treats price far below market and HPLC-only (no LC-MS identity) COAs as substitution-risk signals specific to 5-Amino-1MQ, but no measured prevalence figure exists for any of the three components.

• FDA Import Alert 66-41 ('Detention Without Physical Examination of Unapproved New Drugs Promoted In The U.S.') authorizes DWPE of the products/firms named on the alert's Red List (charge FD&C 801(a)(3)/505(a); no approved NDA). [Verification, REFUTED-as-stated → SCOPE-corrected: an exhaustive full-text search of the live alert finds NO occurrence of 5-Amino-1MQ, MOTS-c, or NAD+ — the alert does NOT list this blend or its components. The Red List does capture other research-peptide/supplement imports (e.g. undeclared ipamorelin, 'PURE NMN POWDER').] None of the three components carry an FDA-approved drug application, so imports COULD become subject to DWPE if a particular importer/product is placed on the Red List, but 'no NDA' is necessary-but-not-sufficient — the alert as written is not a per-blend detention status. A 'Research Use Only' label does not by itself create an import exemption.66-41
• An RUO label is not an import exemption — CBP judges actual intended use.
• Lyophilized powder is ambient-stable in transit; temperature control needed for > 7-day transit.
• US-warehouse vendors dodge import scrutiny — they cost more but ship more reliably.

Every item dated & sourced

The blend itself is not named on the WADA Prohibited List. Of its three components: MOTS-c ('mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c') IS explicitly named and prohibited AT ALL TIMES under the WADA 2026 Prohibited List section S4.4.1 (S4 Hormone and Metabolic Modulators — AMPK activators), alongside BAM15 and AICAR (a non-Specified substance) [Verification: confirmed verbatim via pdftotext of the official PDF — NOT S0 and NOT S2, contradicting vendor-blog lore]. 5-Amino-1MQ is NOT explicitly named anywhere in the 2026 List (direct text search: zero hits); as an unapproved investigational small molecule it would plausibly fall under the S0 (Non-Approved Substances) catch-all definition, but that is an INFERENCE, not a confirmed WADA determination — vendor blogs asserting an 'explicit S0 listing' are inaccurate on the word 'explicit'. NAD+ is NOT named on the List (an endogenous coenzyme; direct search: zero hits); however WADA Prohibited Method M2.2 (a Specified Method) bans IV infusions/injections exceeding 100 mL per 12 h except during hospital treatment, surgery, or clinical diagnostic investigations — relevant to NAD+ IV-drip administration, independent of NAD+'s own non-prohibited status (with the caveat that RUO/non-approved NAD+ material could also be argued under S0).

No granted patents identified in current seed. Composition-of-matter coverage is limited given the peptide's synthetic origin.

• IACUC / IRB research context
• RUO buyer responsibilities & documentation
• Veterinary / alternative-use where lawful
• Jurisdiction-aware "who may lawfully obtain"

What people discuss

Reported concerns — discussion, not established effects

Reading caveats

• Textual discourse is concentrated in a single influencer newsletter (Derek Pruski's Substack) rather than distributed peer-to-peer threads — single-author framing risk
• No confirmed reddit.com, X, or Bluesky threads found specifically discussing this named three-component blend despite repeated targeted searches; the aggregate sample spans peptide-research forums (GLP-1 Forum, Peptide Critic Community) outside the tracked platform set plus YouTube/podcast coverage — platform coverage is thin and may not generalize
• Vendor product pages dominate top search results, crowding out independent commentary and making genuine community sentiment harder to isolate
• Concurrent multi-peptide stacking (SS-31, SLU-PP-332, methylene blue) confounds attribution of any reported effect specifically to this blend
• Recency bias — vendor listings and blog coverage for this named blend appear concentrated within roughly the last 12 months, so the sample is small and may not represent a mature market

Manually researched from youtube— theme weights are research estimates, not live counts; aggregated & de-identified. No individual posts, quotes, or usernames are ever shown.

Relative research / market volume — populated once the activity stream is wired

Inline tooltips for lyophilized, RUO, EU/mg, SPPS, 503A and more.

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US regulatory status: Research use only. Research use only.

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